Nanoparticles in camel biological fluids: A review of a promising frontier in cancer therapy

Salimi, Mohammadjavad; Pakrooh, Mohammad Hossein; Pasandideh, Majid; Raeisi Ardali, Mahya

doi:10.22034/ibhf.2026.561110.1047

Nanoparticles in camel biological fluids: A review of a promising frontier in cancer therapy

Articles in Press

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

mohammadjavad Salimi ¹

Mohammad Hossein Pakrooh ²

Majid Pasandideh ³

Mahya Raeisi Ardali ²

¹ Bachelor&#039;s Student, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Chaharmahal &amp; Bakhtiari, Iran

² VM Student of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, Iran

³ Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord University, Iran

10.22034/ibhf.2026.561110.1047

Abstract

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, and the limitations of conventional antibody therapies have highlighted the need for novel approaches. Nanobodies derived from camel biofluids, particularly nanobodies and exosomes, have emerged as promising candidates in this field due to their unique structural features. The aim of this review is to comprehensively investigate the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of these nanoparticles. This study was conducted as a narrative review by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases between 2000 and 2025. The literature review shows that camel nanobodies, due to their small size and high stability, have deeper penetration into tumor tissues and are able to inhibit proliferation and angiogenesis pathways. Camel milk exosomes as nanocarriers also enhance drug efficacy and overcome drug resistance. Recent advances in immunotherapy and nanobody-based CAR-T cells have also shown promising results. Camel-derived nanoparticles have great potential to become a mainstay of targeted cancer therapies. However, future research should focus on standardizing their production and increasing their stability in the bloodstream.

Keywords

Nanobody

exosomes

cancer

immunotherapy

targeted drug delivery

camel

Subjects